Pour protéger les intérêts de son entreprise, un employeur peut insérer une clause de non-concurrence dans le contrat de travail d’un salarié. Moyennant une contrepartie financière, cette clause interdit à ce dernier, après son départ de l’entreprise, d’exercer, pour son propre compte ou chez un nouvel employeur, une activité professionnelle concurrente.
Toutefois, l’employeur peut, par la suite, renoncer à l’application de la clause. De cette façon, il libère le salarié de son obligation de non-concurrence et s’exonère de lui régler la contrepartie financière prévue. Mais pour être valable, cette renonciation doit être sans équivoque ! Une condition que les juges de la Cour de cassation examinent à la loupe, comme en témoigne cette affaire récente.
Un attaché commercial avait conclu avec son employeur un contrat de travail comportant une clause de non-concurrence applicable, pendant 2 ans, après son départ de l’entreprise. Quelques années plus tard, ils avaient décidé de mettre fin à leur relation de travail en recourant à une rupture conventionnelle. Dans la convention de rupture signée à cet effet, le salarié déclarait « avoir été réglé de toutes sommes, y compris et sans limitation, toute rémunération fixe, variable ou complément de rémunération éventuel, indemnité de quelque nature que ce soit, remboursements de frais et autres sommes qui lui étaient dues par la société au titre de l’exécution de son contrat de travail ou du fait de la rupture conventionnelle de celle-ci ». Néanmoins, 7 mois après avoir signé la convention, le salarié avait réclamé en justice le paiement de la contrepartie financière à la clause de non-concurrence.
De son côté, l’employeur alléguait que le salarié et lui avaient convenu d’écarter l’application de la clause de non-concurrence dans la convention de rupture conventionnelle. À titre de preuve, il invoquait la mention écrite du salarié indiquant qu’il avait été réglé « de toute indemnité de quelque nature que ce soit ». En outre, l’employeur faisait valoir que l’indemnité de rupture accordée au salarié, dont le montant était plus de trois fois supérieur à l’indemnité normalement due, démontrait bien qu’une négociation avaient eu lieu entre les deux parties.
Mais ces arguments n’ont pas trouvé grâce aux yeux des juges. Et pour cause, la renonciation à une clause de non-concurrence ne se présume pas et « ne peut résulter que d’actes manifestant sans équivoque la volonté de renoncer ». La Cour de cassation a considéré que l’employeur n’avait pas renoncé à la clause de non-concurrence. Il a donc été condamné à payer l’indemnité de non-concurrence à son ancien salarié.
En pratique : l’employeur qui entend renoncer à une clause de non-concurrence doit l’indiquer, par écrit et de manière précise, dans la convention de rupture conventionnelle.
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