Lorsqu’une personne physique souscrit un cautionnement au profit d’un créancier professionnel – par exemple le dirigeant d’une société envers une banque en contrepartie de l’octroi d’un crédit – , elle doit inscrire dans l’acte (sauf s’il est dressé par un notaire) la mention manuscrite précise suivante : « En me portant caution de X…, dans la limite de la somme de … couvrant le paiement du principal, des intérêts et, le cas échéant, des pénalités ou intérêts de retard et pour la durée de …, je m’engage à rembourser au prêteur les sommes dues sur mes revenus et mes biens si X… n’y satisfait pas lui-même ».
Sachant que si cette mention n’est pas correctement reproduite, le cautionnement est susceptible d’être annulé ! Toutefois, les juges invalident un cautionnement pour ce motif uniquement lorsque les erreurs ou les inexactitudes figurant dans la mention sont de nature à altérer le sens et la portée de l’engagement de la personne qui se porte caution.
Tel vient d’être le cas d’un cautionnement dans lequel le dirigeant d’une société avait écrit qu’il s’engageait « sur ses revenus ou ses biens » au lieu de « sur ses revenus et ses biens », les juges ayant estimé que la formule modifiait le sens et la portée quant à l’assiette du gage du banquier.
De même, les juges viennent d’annuler un cautionnement par lequel une personne s’était engagée « pour la durée de 108 mensualités » car cette formule faisait référence à un montant et non à une durée d’engagement et modifiait ainsi, selon eux, le sens et la portée de la mention manuscrite prévue par la loi.
À noter : à l’inverse, dans une autre affaire jugée en 2014 (Cassation commerciale, 4 novembre 2014, n° 13-24706), les juges ont validé un cautionnement dans lequel le mot « intérêts » avait été omis dans l’énoncé des sommes que la caution s’était engagée à garantir, et ont simplement considéré que l’étendue du cautionnement devait, dans ce cas, se limiter au capital. Même solution un an plus tôt (Cassation commerciale, 1er octobre 2013, n° 12-20278) pour un cautionnement dans lequel les termes « mes biens » n’avaient pas été inscrits, de sorte que le gage du créancier devait se limiter aux seuls revenus de la caution.
Cassation commerciale, 26 janvier 2016, n° 14-20868
Cassation commerciale, 26 janvier 2016, n° 14-20202
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