Une femme, mère de deux enfants, avait, par testament, institué sa fille légataire de la moitié de la quotité disponible de l’actif de sa succession et sa petite-fille légataire de l’autre moitié. Désignée tutrice de sa mère, la fille avait été autorisée par le juge des tutelles à souscrire au nom de celle-ci un contrat d’assurance-vie. Un contrat dont la clause bénéficiaire indiquait « mes héritiers ».
Au décès de la mère, l’assurance-vie s’était dénouée et l’assureur avait versé les capitaux aux enfants de la défunte ainsi qu’à sa petite-fille. S’en est suivi un litige sur l’application de la clause bénéficiaire par la compagnie d’assurance. Selon le fils, seuls les héritiers de sa mère, c’est-à-dire ses enfants, avaient vocation à recevoir les capitaux du contrat. De ce fait, il avait considéré que la société d’assurance avait commis une faute d’imprudence en procédant elle-même à la répartition des fonds provenant du contrat d’assurance-vie selon sa propre appréciation, contraire à celle du juge des tutelles. En effet, pour celui-ci, seuls les légataires universels, et non les légataires à titre universel (comme c’était le cas dans cette affaire), pouvaient être assimilés à des héritiers. Des arguments qui n’ont pas convaincu les juges de la cour d’appel. Par la suite, le fils s’était pourvu en cassation.
Précision : un légataire est dit « à titre universel » lorsque le testament du défunt le gratifie d’une quote-part des biens dont la loi permet au testateur de disposer. À l’inverse, le légataire est qualifié d’universel lorsqu’il a vocation à recevoir la totalité des biens laissés par le défunt.
Appelés à se prononcer sur ce litige, les juges de la Cour de cassation ont souligné qu’un bénéficiaire désigné sous le terme d’« héritier » peut s’entendre d’un légataire à titre universel. Il appartient alors aux juges du fond, pour identifier si un légataire à titre universel (en l’occurrence la petite-fille de la défunte) peut véritablement bénéficier de l’assurance-vie, d’interpréter souverainement la volonté du souscripteur, en prenant en considération, le cas échéant, son testament. Ainsi, la Cour de cassation a retenu que la cour d’appel avait fait une juste appréciation des volontés de la défunte en retenant « que le capital garanti devait être réparti entre les héritiers légaux et les légataires à titre universel ».
La petite-fille de la défunte était donc bel et bien en droit de recueillir une partie des sommes figurant sur le contrat d’assurance-vie souscrit par cette dernière.
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