Dans une affaire récente, une personne avait confié la défense de ses intérêts à un avocat pour l’assister dans une procédure l’opposant à son époux. Une convention d’honoraires avait été conclue, laquelle prévoyait un forfait, non remboursable, de 3 500 € en cas de dessaisissement de l’avocat par le client ainsi qu’une clause d’indemnité de dédit stipulant que, dans la même hypothèse, l’honoraire restant à courir serait dû (plafonné à 3 000 €). Un an et demi plus tard, la cliente avait mis fin au mandat qui la liait à l’avocat. Par la suite, elle avait saisi le bâtonnier de l’ordre des avocats du barreau de Paris d’une contestation d’honoraires afin d’obtenir le remboursement des honoraires versés.
Saisie du litige, la Cour d’appel de Paris avait considéré que les clauses de dédit insérées dans la convention d’honoraires étaient abusives et devaient être considérées comme non écrites. Et donc que l’avocat devait rembourser en partie la cliente des sommes indûment perçues.
S’opposant à cette décision, l’avocat avait formé un pourvoi devant la Cour de cassation.
Un déséquilibre entre les droits et obligations des parties
Les juges de la Cour de cassation ont d’abord rappelé que selon l’article L 212-1 du Code de la consommation, dans les contrats conclus entre professionnels et non-professionnels ou consommateurs, sont abusives les clauses qui ont pour objet ou pour effet de créer, au détriment du non-professionnel ou du consommateur, un déséquilibre significatif entre les droits et obligations des parties au contrat. En outre, ils ont souligné qu’un premier président de cour d’appel, statuant en matière de fixation des honoraires d’avocat, a bien le pouvoir d’examiner le caractère abusif des clauses des conventions d’honoraires lorsque le client de l’avocat est un non-professionnel ou un consommateur. Enfin, ils ont estimé que les dispositions du Code de la consommation sont applicables aux conventions d’honoraires d’avocats.
Ensuite, en examinant la convention d’honoraires, les juges de la Cour de cassation ont relevé un déséquilibre entre les droits et les obligations des parties au contrat. En effet, concrètement, l’avocat pouvait obtenir de sa cliente le paiement de la totalité des honoraires ou de leur quasi-totalité alors qu’il n’avait effectué que 2 prestations sur les 6 qu’il s’était engagé à réaliser pour le montant forfaitaire fixé, les deux montants du dédit apparaissant disproportionnés. En outre, il n’était pas prévu dans la convention d’honoraires, une clause de dédit en faveur de la cliente en cas de « dessaisissement » anticipé par l’avocat. Pour ces raisons, la Cour de cassation a rejeté le pourvoi de l’avocat et a confirmé le remboursement partiel d’honoraires à la cliente.
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